Proses pembuatan baja

Proses Pembuatan Lembaran Baja ( Slab Steel)

Pellet -> Pabrik Besi Sponge ( Direct Reduction ) -> Steel Making -> Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant) I dan II -> Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas (Hot Strip Mill) -> Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin (Cold Rolling Mill)

Proses Pembuatan Batang Kawat Baja ( Wire Rod )

Pellet -> Pabrik Besi Sponge ( Direct Reduction ) -> Steel Making -> Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant) -> Pabrik Baja Batang Kawat (Wire Rod Mill)

Keterangan :

Proses produksi baja di PT Krakatau Steel dimulai dari Pabrik Besi Spons. Pabrik ini mengolah bijih besi pellet menjadi besi dengan menggunakan air dan gas alam.

Besi yang dihasilkan kemudian diproses lebih lanjut pada Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) di Pabrik Slab Baja dan Pabrik Billet Baja. Di dalam EAF besi dicampur dengan scrap, hot bricket iron dan material tambahan lainnya untuk menghasilkan dua jenis baja yang disebut baja slab dan baja billet.

Baja slab selanjutnya menjalani proses pemanasan ulang dan pengerolan di Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas menjadi produk akhir yang dikenal dengan nama baja lembaran panas. Produk ini banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi konstruksi kapal, pipa, bangunan, konstruksi umum, dan lain-lain. Baja lembaran panas dapat diolah lebih lanjut melalui proses pengerolan ulang dan proses kimiawi di Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin menjadi produk akhir yang disebut baja lembaran dingin. Produk ini umumnya digunakan untuk aplikasi bagian dalam dan luar kendaraan bermotor, kaleng, peralatan rumah tangga, dan sebagainya.

Sementara itu, baja billet mengalami proses pengerolan di Pabrik Batang Kawat untuk menghasilkan batang kawat baja yang banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi senar piano, mur dan baut, kawat baja, pegas, dan lain-lain.

Fasilitas Produksi Alat Produksi

Pabrik Besi Spons (Direct Reduction Plant)Pabrik Besi Spons (Direct Reduction Plant) menerapkan teknologi berbasis gas alam dengan proses reduksi langsung menggunakan teknologi Hyl dari Meksiko. Pabrik ini menghasilkan besi spons (Fe) dari bahan mentahnya berupa pellet bijih besi (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4), dengan menggunakan gas alam (CH4) dan air (H2O).

DR Plant memiliki 2 (dua) buah unit produksi dan menghasilkan 2,3 juta ton besi spons per tahun. Unit produksi yang pertama yaitu Hyl I mulai beroperasi tahun 1979. Unit ini beroperasi dengan menggunakan 4 modul batch process dimana setiap modulnya mempunyai 2 (dua) buah reaktor. Unit ini memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 1.000.000 ton besi spons per tahun.

Unit produksi yang kedua yaitu Hyl III memulai operasinya pada tahun 1994 dengan menggunakan 2-shafts continuous process. Unit ini memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 1.300.000 ton besi spons per tahun.

Besi spons yang dihasilkan oleh pabrik ini memiliki keunggulan dibanding sumber lain terutama disebabkan karena rendahnya kandungan residual. Sementara itu tingginya kandungan karbon menyebabkan proses di dalam Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) menjadi lebih efisien dan proses pembuatan baja menjadi lebih akurat. Lebih lanjut hal tersebut menjamin konsistensi kualitas produk baja yang dihasilkan.

Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant)Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant) terdiri dari 2 (dua) buah pabrik. Yang pertama adalah SSP-1 yang menerapkan teknologi MAN GHH dari Jerman dan memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 1.000.000 ton per tahun, sedangkan yang kedua adalah SSP-2 yang dilengkapi dengan teknologi Voest Alpine dari Austria dan memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 800.000 ton per tahun.

Fasilitas produksi yang dimiliki oleh kedua pabrik tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:

Electric Arc Furnace
Electric Arc Furnace menghasilkan baja cair dari bahan baku berupa besi spons (sponge iron), iron scrap dan kapur (lime) untuk mengontrol kandungan fosfor dan sulfur.

Ladle Furnace
Aktivitas utama di dalam ladle furnace adalah:

  • menurunkan kandungan oksigen dalam baja dengan menggunakan aluminium;
  • homogenisasi temperatur dan komposisi kimia dengan bubbling Argon; dan
  • menambahkan alloy untuk mendapatkan spesifikasi yang diinginkan.
  • RH-Vacuum Degassing
    RH-degasser diperlukan untuk memenuhi permintaan produk baja high-grade dari konsumen.

    Continuous Casting Machine
    Baja slab diperoleh dari proses pencetakan kontinyu (continuous casting) dimana perlindungan menggunakan gas argon diperlukan antara ladle dan tundish. Ukuran slab yang dihasilkan mempunyai ketebalan 200mm, lebar 800-2080mm dan panjang maksimum 12000mm.

    Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant)Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant) mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1979. Pabrik ini menerapkan teknologi MAN GHH dari Jerman dan memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 500.000 ton per tahun.

    Fasilitas produksi yang dimiliki pabrik ini adalah:

    Electric Arc Furnace
    Electric Arc Furnace menghasilkan baja cair dari bahan baku berupa besi spons (sponge iron), iron scrap dan kapur (lime) untuk mengontrol kandungan fosfor dan sulfur.

    Ladle Furnace
    Aktivitas utama di dalam Ladle Furnace adalah:

  • menurunkan kandungan oksigen dalam baja dengan menggunakan aluminium;
  • homogenisasi temperatur dan komposisi kimia dengan bubbling Argon;
  • menambahkan alloy untuk mendapatkan spesifikasi yang diinginkan.
  • Continuous Casting Machine
    Baja billet diperoleh dari proses pencetakan kontinyu (continuous casting) dimana perlindungan menggunakan gas argon diperlukan antara ladle dan tundish. Ukuran billet yang dihasilkan adalah 110x110mm 120x120mm; 130x130mm dan panjang maksimum mencapai 12000mm. Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas (Hot Strip Mill)Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1983 menggunakan teknologi SMS dari Jerman. Konfigurasi fasilitas produksi pada pabrik ini terdiri dari:
    – Reheating Furnace
    – Sizing Press
    – Roughing Mill
    – Finishing Mill
    – Laminar Cooling
    – Down Coiler
    – Shearing Line
    – Hot Skin Pass Mill Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin (Cold Rolling Mill)Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin bergabung menjadi unit produksi PT Krakatau Steel pada tahun 1991 dan dilengkapi dengan teknologi CLECIM dari Perancis.
    Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin terdiri dari unit-unit produksi (Line) sebagai berikut:
    – Continuous Pickling Line
    – Tandem Cold Mill
    – Electrolytic Cleaning Line
    – Batch Annealing Furnace
    – Continuous Annealing Line
    – Temper Mill
    – Finishing Line

    Pabrik Baja Batang Kawat (Wire Rod Mill)Pabrik Baja Batang Kawat mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1979 dengan menggunakan teknologi 2 Lines Stelmor World Chaster dan teknologi No Twist Danielly.

    Pada tahun 1992 dan 1995 telah dilakukan modernisasi pabrik dan pada tahun 1999 mulai dikerjakan proyek penambahan strand menjadi 2 strand produksi serta penggantian/modifikasi fasilitas produksi.

    Saat ini fasilitas produksi yang dimiliki oleh pabrik Batang Kawat adalah:
    – Reheating Furnace
    – Pre-roughing Mill
    – Roughing Mill
    – Finishing Mill
    – Cooling Zone
    – Down Coiler Kapasitas Terpasang Pabrik Besi Spons (Direct Reduction Plant) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 2.300.000 ton besi spons per tahun:
    – HYL I : 1.000.000 ton
    – HYL III : 1.300.000 ton Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 1.800.000 ton per tahun:
    – SSP I : 1.000.000 ton
    – SSP II : 800.000 ton Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 675.000 ton per tahun. Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas (Hot Strip Mill) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 2.000.000 ton per tahun. Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin (Cold Rolling Mill) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 650.000 ton per tahun. Pabrik Batang Kawat (Wire Rod Mill) memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 450.000 ton per tahun. Kapasitas Terpakai

    Th. 2002

  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Besi Spons (Direct Reduction Plant): 57,85%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant): 66,20%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant): 61,56%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas (Hot Strip Mill): 81,00%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin (Cold Rolling Mill): 49,43%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Batang Kawat (Wire Rod Mill): 62,00%
  • Th. 2003

  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Besi Spons (Direct Reduction Plant): 46,84%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Slab Baja (Slab Steel Plant): 55,56%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Billet Baja (Billet Steel Plant): 47,70%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Baja Lembaran Panas (Hot Strip Mill): 63,89%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Baja Lembaran Dingin (Cold Rolling Mill): 55,06%
  • Utilisasi kapasitas Pabrik Batang Kawat (Wire Rod Mill): 54,31%
  • Sumber : http://fajareko-fs.blogspot.com

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